South Carolina was the first to secede, on December 20, 1860, followed by Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana and Texas. Robert E. Lee, the most celebrated general of the Confederacy, was known to refer to opposing Union forces as simply "those people." NARA describes this effort: The compilation of service records of Confederate soldiers was begun in 1903 under the direction of Brig. In this capacity he negotiated several treaties, one such treaty was the Treaty with Choctaws and Chickasaws conducted in July 1861. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. Fold3 provides convenient access to military records, including the stories, photos, and personal documents of the men and women who served. Performance cookies are used to understand and analyze the key performance indexes of the website which helps in delivering a better user experience for the visitors. David G. Smith, "Race and Retaliation: The Capture of African Americans During the Gettysburg Campaign." "[122][123] [25] On October 11, the Confederate Congress passed the so-called "Twenty Negro Law",[26] which exempted anyone who owned 20 or more slaves, a move that caused deep resentment among conscripts who did not own slaves. "[46][47], At many points during the war, and especially near the end, the Confederate armies were very poorly fed. The Confederacy, when used within or in reference to North America, generally means the Confederate States of America. Our site is COPPA and kidSAFE-certified, so you can rest assured it's a safe place for kids to grow and explore. I've never heard of any other cause than slavery. Webb Garrison, a Civil War historian, describes their response: when Confederate Brigadier General Albert Pike authorized the raising of regiments during the fall of 1860, Seminoles, Creeks, Chickasaws, Choctaws, and Cherokees responded with considerable enthusiasm. The braid was sometimes left off by officers since it made them conspicuous targets. Confederate guerrillas were called bushwhackers. In December 1863, it abolished the practice of allowing a rich drafted man to hire a substitute to take his place in the ranks. Confederate guerrillas were called bushwhackers. His last words were, "I'm done for save yourselves and please tell my Pa I died right.". station23.cebu "[94] African American slave labor was used in a wide variety of logistical support roles for the Confederacy, from infrastructure and mining, to teamster and medical roles such as hospital attendants and nurses. As the 126 times it says help the less fortunate and I am sure it means even more so when you have compromised their education and freedom as was done for our black bothers and sisters for 250 years before the civil war so others could benefit financiallyhorrible greed at its best. Period! The Confederate Congress initially made the rank of brigadier general the highest rank. How can we avoid the occurrence of weld porosity? Research guide for the American Civil War, https://library.citadel.edu/c.php?g=911931, National Park Service: Soldiers & Sailors Database, The Roster of Confederate Soldiers, 1861-1865, The War of the Rebellion: A Compilation of the Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies, Official Records of the Union and Confederate Navies in the War of Rebellion. In 1965, sculptor Felix de Weldon unveiled a statue in front of the stone wall at the Fredericksburg battlefield in Kirkland's honor. [12][13] The United States, outraged by the Confederacy's attack, demanded war. For further information address me at Mobile, Ala. (Signed) S. G. Spann, Comm'ing Choctaw Forces. on the Internet. There was plenty of meat in the Confederacy. It was to consist of a large provisional force to exist only in time of war and a small permanent regular army. Compiled service records are files of cards that abstract original military records relating to an individual soldier. By the mid-war, most regiments averaged 300400 men, with Confederate units slightly smaller on average than their U.S. counterparts. Confederate soldiers also frequently suffered from inadequate supplies of shoes, tents, and other gear, and would be forced to innovate and make do with whatever they could scrounge from the local countryside. You also have the option to opt-out of these cookies. In the actual armed conflicts of the Civil War, the two sides had numerous nicknames for themselves and each other as a group and individuals, e.g., for Union troops "Federals" and for the Confederates "rebels," "rebs" or "Johnny reb" for an individual Confederate soldier. All U.S., Confederate Soldiers Compiled Service Records, 1861-1865 results for Franz Khler. What are the disadvantages of shielding a thermometer? We use cookies on our website to give you the most relevant experience by remembering your preferences and repeat visits. The Confederate States Army, also called the Confederate Army or the Southern Army, was the military land force of the Confederate States of America (commonly referred to as the Confederacy) during the American Civil War (18611865), fighting against the United States forces to win the independence of the Southern states and uphold the institution of slavery. "[45] A North Carolinian soldier stated, "[A] white man is better than a nigger. Despite his youth, Kirkland enlisted in the Confederate Army in 1861, not long after war was declared, before his older brothers. The most common term for a generic Confederate, however, was Johnny Reb. A very nice "dug" late-war Confederate artillery shell. Advertisement cookies are used to provide visitors with relevant ads and marketing campaigns. Search the history of over 797 billion Cavalry regiments from Texas, for example, often used red insignia and at least one Texas infantry regiment used black. As the Confederates called the union soldiers Yankees. The Northern soldiers nicknames were the Yankees or Yanks. The Union name for the battle is derived from Antietam Creek, which flows south from Gettysburg, Pennsylvania, to the . While I think the slavery was certainly a significant catalyst (along with tariffs & internal improvements) for the war, once started the Southern objective was simple: obtain independence in a national liberation struggle. They were also called rebs and yanks. Choctaw Confederate battalions were formed in Indian Territory and later in Mississippi in support of the southern cause. The combat arms included infantry, cavalry, and artillery. Nicknames for U.S. [99] Despite lacking foreign assistance and recognition and facing slim chances of victory against superior U.S. assets, Confederate newspapers such as the Georgian Atlanta Southern Confederacy continued to maintain their position and oppose the idea of armed black men in the Confederate Army, even as late in the war as January 1865. It is estimated that over 100,000 Confederate soldiers deserted during the war, more than 250,000 died of wounds or disease and 200,000 were wounded. former british soldier, refused to charge lower rents. One list provides names of Confederate soldiers who died in either Confederate or Union hospitals in Harrodsburg, Lexington, and Danville, KY. ), A total of 75% of Confederate soldiers served as infantrymen, 20% served as cavalrymen and 5% served as artillerymen (Lanser 10.). U.S., Confederate Service Records, 1861-1865, U.S., Union Soldiers Compiled Service Records, 1861-1865, Provided in association with National Archives and Records Administration. May God forgive you as this is not what the New Testament is all about. Slavery was less salient for most Confederate soldiers because it was not controversial. America In April 1862,[22] the Confederacy passed the first conscription law in either Confederate or Union history, the Conscription Act,[23] which made all able bodied white men between the ages of 18 and 35 liable for a three-year term of service in the Provisional Army. The blunted nose of the shell was designed to increase its wind resistance . [52] One Confederate officer at the time noted, "The deserters belong almost entirely to the poorest class of non-slave-holders whose labor is indispensable to the daily support of their families" and that "When the father, husband or son is forced into the service, the suffering at home with them is inevitable. These cookies track visitors across websites and collect information to provide customized ads. number is not known. [1] Davis proposed an army of 100,000 soldiers in his message to Congress on April 29. YEOMANRY. What is the difference between HSI and Hscei? [76] Occasional raids into the North were designed to bring back money and supplies. They seized federal property, including nearly all U.S. Army forts, within their borders. A Manual of Military Surgery (1863). He was first assigned to Company E, 2nd South Carolina Volunteer Infantry, but was later transferred to Company G of the same regiment, and was promoted to sergeant. One result was wave after wave of religious revivals in the Army,[33] religion playing a major part in the lives of Confederate soldiers. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Performance". [128] According to the authors of Liberty, Equality, Power, "Expressing outrage at this treatment, in 1863 the Lincoln administration suspended the exchange of prisoners until the Confederacy agree to treat white and black prisoners alike. Confederate soldiers were paid $11 per month, which was two dollars less than Union soldiers. The full service records are housed at the National Archives and Records Administration. Barring the same type of circumstances that might leave a lower grade officer in temporary command, divisions were commanded by major generals and corps were commanded by lieutenant generals. 1 What were the nicknames for the Union and Confederate soldiers? Ten companies were organized into an infantry regiment, which theoretically had 1,000 men. "Dogface" A World War II and Korean War Soldier. Tennessee joined the Confederacy in 1861, but Tennessee soldiers served in both the Union and Confederate armies. Capture a web page as it appears now for use as a trusted citation in the future. A few corps commanders were never confirmed as lieutenant generals and exercised corps command for varying periods as major generals. According to Civil War historian James M. McPherson, in his book For Cause and Comrades, most Confederate volunteers stated they were fighting for liberty as well as slavery while many of the Union soldiers stated they fought to end slavery and preserve the union. Also during these 60 years, hundreds of lunching of innocent black men took place in the South while white families, some with young children, watched on as though they were killing a mouse. The truth of the story has been disputed. [50][51], Historians of the Civil War have emphasized how soldiers from poor families deserted because they were urgently needed at home. Soldiers who served in the Confederate States Army fought on behalf of the Confederate States of America. These cookies ensure basic functionalities and security features of the website, anonymously. The age range of the Confederate Armys First Conscription Act in 1862 was 18 to 35 but the Third Conscription Act in 1864 changed it to 17 to 50. McPherson admits some flaws in his sampling of letters. I am a 75 year old Christian White woman from Idaho, WA and CA and your comments make me feel like you need to rewrite history in order to feel good about your heritage instead of making things RIGHT. Jackson's goal was to maintain discipline in a volunteer army whose homes were under threat of enemy occupation. W. Harrison Daniel, "Southern Protestantism and Army Missions in the Confederacy. ', "The South's Inner Civil War: The more fiercely the Confederacy fought for its independence, the more bitterly divided it became. "[53], Some soldiers also deserted from ideological motivations. The manual used by doctors in the CSA. Presbyterians were even more active, with 112 missionaries sent in early 1865. From the solar system to the world economy to educational games, Fact Monster has the info kids are seeking. greyback - Dictionary Definition "Johnny' was applied as a nickname for Confederate soldiers by the Federal soldiers in the American Civil War; `greyback' derived from their grey Confederate uniforms" "As nouns the difference between confederate and greyback These numbers do not include sailors who served in Confederate States Navy. Sheehan-Dean, Aaron. While on the march or in parade formation, Confederate armies often displayed a wide array of dress, ranging from faded, patched-together regulation uniforms; rough, homespun uniforms colored with homemade dyes such as butternut (a yellow-brown color), and even soldiers in a hodgepodge of civilian clothing. September 27, 1862, the Second Conscription Act: expanded the age range to 18 to 45, February 17, 1864, the Third Conscription Act: ages 17 to 50. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Other. [44] One Louisianan artilleryman stated, "I never want to see the day when a negro is put on an equality with a white person. Be the first one to, The roster of Confederate soldiers, 1861-1865, Advanced embedding details, examples, and help, Confederate States of America. The war was nearly over by then, and only about two hundred slaves ended up being enlisted before the Confederate armies all surrendered.[22]. On the night of December 13, walking wounded made their way to the field hospital while those who were disabled were forced to remain on the battlefield. The Union soldiers normally just referred to them rebels. The problem escalated rapidly after that, and fewer and fewer men returned. The CSRs do not constitute an exhaustive list of all men who served in the Confederate army. Confederate soldiers had a variety of nicknames, such as Reb, Johnny Reb, Greyback, Rebels, Secesh, Butternuts and Johnnies, according to Josephus Nelson Larned in his book The New Larned History for Ready Reference, Reading and Research: During the first year of the war [of the rebellion in the United States] the Union soldiers commonly called their opponents, Rebs and Secesh; in 1862, Confeds; in 1863 Graybacks and Butternuts and in 1864, Johnnies. The nickname Butternuts was given the Confederates on account of their homespun clothes, dyed reddish-brown with a dye made of butternut bark. What was the nickname for Confederate soldiers. color of their uniform), Grays, Johnny Reb, Johnny, or just plain Jones, Adam Matthew. Men employed in certain occupations considered to be most valuable for the home front (such as railroad and river workers, civil officials, telegraph operators, miners, druggists and teachers) were exempt from the draft. Lee's campaign against Gettysburg and southern Pennsylvania (a rich agricultural region) was driven in part by his desperate need of supplies, especially food.[80]. The production of these 3" Rifle projectiles began in April 1864. Howell Cobb letter to James A. Seddon January 1865. At the end of the war 174,223 men of the Confederate forces surrendered to the Union Army. Lee was formally designated general in chief by an act of Congress (January 23, 1865) and served in this capacity from January 31 to April 9, 1865. As one might expect, a much higher percentage of soldiers from slaveholding families than from non-slaveholding families expressed such a purpose: 33 percent, compared with 12 percent. Hone your math skills with our flashcards! 116162. In contrast, about 25,000 Union soldiers died as a result of accidents, drowning, murder, killed after capture, suicide, execution for various crimes, execution by the Confederates (64), sunstroke, other and not stated. "[86], With so many white males conscripted into the army and roughly 40% of its population unfree, the work required to maintain a functioning society in the Confederacy ended up largely on the backs of slaves. Sandbox Learning is part of Sandbox & Co., a digital learning company. [57][58], Young Mark Twain deserted the army long before he became a famous writer and lecturer, but he often commented upon the episode comically. Other uncategorized cookies are those that are being analyzed and have not been classified into a category as yet. called rebs and yanks. Supplementing the Confederate army were the various state militias of the Confederacy: Control and operation of the Confederate army were administered by the Confederate States War Department, which was established by the Confederate Provisional Congress in an act on February 21, 1861. The main Confederate armies, the Army of Northern Virginia under General Robert E. Lee and the remnants of the Army of Tennessee and various other units under General Joseph E. Johnston, surrendered to the U.S. on April 9, 1865 (officially April 12), and April 18, 1865 (officially April 26). Can proteins have polar and non polar regions? [81], In exchange, the Cherokee would furnish ten companies of mounted men, and allow the construction of military posts and roads within the Cherokee Nation. A disgusted officer later acknowledged that "with the exception of a partial supply for the Choctaw regiment, no tents, clothing, or camp, and garrison equipage was furnished to any of them. Please note that the Civil War Soldiers and Sailors System contains just an index of the men who served in the Civil War with only rudimentary information from the service records (including name, rank and unit in which they served). The Confederate States Army consisted of several field armies, named after their primary area of operation. Oxford University Press, 1997.Larned, Josephus Nelson. Since these figures include estimates of the total number of individual soldiers who served in each army at any time during the war, they do not represent the size of the armies at any given date. The design of this particular shell is attributed to Captain William Leroy Broun that commanded the Richmond Arsenal. [5], Confederate casualty figures also are incomplete and unreliable. These are some of the additional considerations which have suggested themselves to us. In most cases, though, Confederate officers returned captured black soldiers to slavery or put them to hard labor on southern fortifications. Coupled with the U.S. blockade of all ports the devastation of plantations, farms and railroads meant the Confederacy increasingly lost the capacity to feed its soldiers and civilians. A variation of the tale says the money was later moved to a "depository" in Atlanta, Georgia. Kirkland responded, "All right, sir, I'll take my chances.". A grayback was also a slang term for lice, so we can see the insult here. In his 1997 book For Cause and Comrades, which examines the motivations of the American Civil War's soldiers, historian James M. McPherson contrasts the views of Confederate soldiers regarding slavery with those of the colonial American revolutionaries of the 18th century. "Stonewall" Jackson, James Longstreet, J. E. B. Stuart, Gideon Pillow, A. P. Hill, John B. Gordon. It does not store any personal data. For more information about Fold3. Ed M. With relevant ads and marketing campaigns Comm'ing Choctaw Forces even more active, with Confederate units slightly smaller on than... Campaign. just plain Jones, Adam Matthew category `` Performance '' the Richmond Arsenal a. When used within or in reference to North America, generally means the Confederate States America... Army Missions in the Confederate States of America solar system to the their... A World war II and Korean war soldier cookies are those that being... Daniel, `` [ a ] white man is better than a nigger to grow explore! Records Administration this effort: the compilation of service records are housed the... Design of this particular shell is attributed to Captain William Leroy Broun that commanded the Richmond.. The treaty with Choctaws and Chickasaws conducted in July 1861 Rifle projectiles began in April 1864 chances... 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Retaliation: the Capture of African Americans During the Gettysburg Campaign. and...