Just last week, the U.S. expelled 86 Haitians who fled the recent earthquake and political unrest, and flew them back to Haiti under this policy. It took three. The Ukraine crisis may serve as a reminder that migration policy should be based on more careful collection of data. Religion is a key factor influencing attitudes toward refugees. If the U.S. can orchestrate a historic airlift of Afghan refugees in the midst of a pandemic, we cannot use Covid as an excuse to turn away those seeking protection at our southern border. She says that's a pretty good sign of civilization. In the wall-to-wall coverage of the crisis in Ukraine, a certain pattern has sometimes emerged that positions Ukrainians as different from other victims of conflict. The 2014-15 refugees had no such rights. The massive migration flow to the north has produced a war of semantics: Are the new arrivals refugees or migrants? Copyright 2022 NPR. The UNHCR has warned that the conflation of refugees and migrants has politicized humanitarian work, but the distinction was political at the onset, as it prioritizes victims of physical violence over victims of structural and economic violence. The way we. People fleeing war-torn Ukraine arrive on a train from Poland at Berlins main train station on March 6, 2022. The death of Alan Kurdi: one year on, compassion towards refugees fades: Toddler's death opened European hearts and policy towards refugees, but 12 months on those changes have proved temporary. She and her daughters then found themselves on a bus back to Guatemala, the place where they had fled violence in the first place. 1, People want to keep their identity and their profession when they go abroad. Identifying different types of threat and their association with emotional responses and attitudes towards refugee migration. An anchor for Al-Jazeera English called Ukrainian refugees, quote, "middle-class people," in comparison to refugees from the Middle East and North Africa. Over the past decade, mostly in collaboration with his Stanford colleague James Fearon, Laitin has published several papers on ethnicity, ethnic cooperation, the sources of civil war and policies that work to settle civil wars. We need to demystify refugees cultural practices so they appear less threatening. She said she told U.S. officers that she was a victim of violence in her home country and requested asylum at the U.S. border. A mass exodus of Ukrainians risks overwhelming resources in neighboring countries even as Europe pledges to aid refugees fleeing Russia's invasion. LIMBONG: Rana Khoury, a research associate at Princeton University focusing on conflict and displacement, says this language has impacts on global refugee policy. Examining these six threat types, researchers tried to determine if only one or two of them might explain hostility toward refugees just as well or even better than all six factors combined. Former German Chancellor Angela Merkelwidely hailed as a champion of refugee rightsfunded Turkeys refugee camps so that President Erdoan would hinder the passage of refugees into Greece, an EU member. Islamophobia also underlies the assumption that Middle Eastern refugees are violent terroristsa sentiment echoed in Petkovs speech and Orbns comments that Muslim asylum seekers are Muslim invaders, accepting Middle Eastern migrants is importing terrorism, and all the terrorists are basically migrants. This assumption is a blatant fallacy of composition not applied to whites. IPL researchers analyzed survey data collected at transit hubs across West and Central Africa, and they found that only a small share of the migrants there expressed an interest in reaching Europe. For instance, do you worry about foreigners spreading diseases, committing violence, or taking away jobs and depressing wages? Many refugees are coming from northern Africa and the Middle East, with roughly 50 percent of the population of Syria seeking refuge from war. Iraq is reclaiming territory and yet faces internal conflict and a long road to recovery. The reality, however, is that "both people and states do treat different groups of refugees in different ways, according to where they come from; according to their own perceptions of those people . They concluded that the six threat types explained the data better than one general threat factor or two factors (i.e. But the U.S. can easily put in place measures that manage risks to public health and still protect the legal right to asylum. Explosives and debris must be cleared from areas that have been retaken so that water and electric services can be restored. KESHAVARZ: And I think one very dangerous thing that we're seeing is - and it bears asking the question - is, have journalists become so desensitized to the suffering of different peoples of color, specifically people that are in war zones, that we're no longer seeing on the same level playing field? That's what makes it so shocking. The EU report challenges her statement by showing that, rather than signifying asylum seekers lack of desire to work, the slow inclusion of asylum seekers into the labor market is a result of poor implementation: Many employers in Sweden are simply not aware that asylum seekers are allowed to work. Ukrainian nationals are oftentimes allowed to board evacuation transportation ahead of foreign nationals, who also face more difficulties entering countries like Poland and acquiring suitable accommodations. This crisis requires countries that are accepting refugees to have . The Ukraine refugee crisis revealed deep-seated racism as racialized and Black refugees from Ukraine were treated differently. In contrast, a refugee arriving in America, after receiving a grant of $900 from the government, often has to rely on private aid organizations. IE 11 is not supported. As they work out where to go next, it's not clear they'll find refuge in Europe. In contrast, non-Ukrainian refugees have been physically assaulted by Polish and Belarussian patrolmen; left to freeze in the winter; detained in unhygienic camps in Greece; trapped in limbo between Poland and Belarus; assaulted with tear gas and water cannons near the Greece-Turkey border; and bombarded with xenophobic and anti-migrant rhetoric, especially in Poland, Hungary, and Slovakia. Since it was first implemented in March 2020, more than 1 million migrants and asylum-seekers have been turned away. Racism also impacts refugee treatment by influencing media coverage. It took a heroic act at great political cost by German Chancellor Angela Merkel for Germany to take responsibility for many of these asylum seekers. While media outlets have labeled Ukrainians refugees, they oscillated between refugees and migrants when referring to Middle Eastern and African refugees in 2015. Barbed political rhetoric both reflects and exacerbates these trends among Europeans. Rather than let a whole generation of young people from the Middle East and other strategic zones rot in camps where extremism thrives, the EU could turn the current crisis into an opportunity for regional change. As anthropologist Miriam Ticktin has documented, some even infect themselves with deadly diseases to gain protection as HIV-positive patients and thereby gain residence. This led to a disorganized and desperate re-migration throughout Europe, with refugees under continued fear of being repatriated. For instance, the culture the original Irish immigrants brought with them has evolved and mixed with the American culture. All refugees deserve. At least 660,000 people have fled Ukraine in the five days following the start of Russia's invasion, the United Nations refugee agency U.N.H.C.R. In the first of these investigations, they used a sample of 55 male and 121 female psychology students (average age of 32 years). Asylum-seekers must not be forced back to the trauma and violence that theyre so desperately fleeing. She holds an MA in Near Eastern Studies from New York University and will be a PhD candidate in social anthropology at Columbia University in the fall. Public policy in the EU and discussions of Dublin Convention reform have been marred by misunderstandings. Is it a vague feeling of hostility or does it stem from specific unpleasant experiences or future worries? attempting to cross the Syria-Turkey borderis only the latest stark example of Turkeys inability to protect incoming migrants. The Russian incursion has sparked the fastest growing refugee crisis since World War II, forcing more than 2 . Unlike Ukrainians, they must apply for asylum and wait for approval before seeking jobs. If you are an immigrant, particularly a recent refugee or asylum seeker, you may have already asked this question many times after having experienced prejudice, racism, and discrimination. With blanket news coverage of the dire situation in Ukraine, Europeans are observing the situation of Ukrainians through this humanitarian lens and thus express greater support for them. infect themselves with deadly diseases to gain protection as HIV-positive patients. Refugees and migrants arrive to Europe by the same road; they also face the same challenges in seeking asylum, labor, and housing, as well as integrating into their host communities. In other words, the deaths of African and Middle Eastern civilians have elicited less attention from media outlets and foreign governments than the deaths of Ukrainians. To receive Stanford news daily, Laitin also offers insight into how European Union (EU) policy is supporting a surge of refugees that the United Nations has described as the largest humanitarian crisis Europe has seen since World War II. Among those were27.1 million refugees, half under the age of 18 (21.3 million refugees under . Who wants to hire an asylum seeker still at risk of deportation, since their application hasnt been accepted yet? At a time when Western states are highly concerned with maintaining influence in the Middle Eastern debacle, excluding people from their shores seems ill-advised. The world is currently experiencing the largest refugee crisis since World War II. In Sweden, which received 163,000 asylum seekers in 2015, many asylum seekers face difficulties navigating the Swedish labor market. Watch on. When I called the Swedish immigration authorities (Migrationsverket) to verify this, their press person acknowledged that not many asylum seekers are working, but indicated that only few asylum seekers make use of the temporary work permits in the first place. That's less likely to be true for people who decide to leave in the coming weeks, said Steve. Not everyone is eligible to seek asylum. It is not enough for them simply to stay alive. Describing them as 'refugees' would draw in a governance apparatus that today includes development actors. Whether the threat is true or imagined, immigrants might be perceived as threatening in a number of ways. The authoritative record of NPRs programming is the audio record. Psychology Today 2023 Sussex Publishers, LLC. These asylum-seekers should be welcomed just like Afghans are being welcomed. CHARLIE D'AGATA: You know, this is a relatively civilized, relatively European - I have to choose those words carefully, too - city where you wouldn't expect that LIMBONG: The phrasing rankled enough people that he issued a clarifying apology a day later. KESHAVARZ: So as journalists, I think it's really critical that we look at that duality, and we question why that is. subscribe to Stanford Report. For an optimal experience visit our site on another browser. Many more Haitians trying to avoid this fate are being detained in Del Rio, Texas. Since the media expose Europeans more to the conflict in Ukraine, they are more aware of the atrocities and trauma necessitating Ukrainians flight to nearby countries; therefore, refugees need for asylum seems more legitimate. By Muhammad Idrees Ahmad, a lecturer in digital. The decision that wealthy northern European countries such as Denmark and the UK made last fall, when they dismissed the EUs call for sharing the responsibility by refusing to receive any of the 120,000 asylum seekers relocated from the south, revealed their humanitarian priorities. Many are living with so-called foster families and are being exploited . Those seeking security at our southern border should not be treated any differently. The majority of Afghans evacuated to the U.S. arrive without visas as humanitarian parolees, yet have been welcomed in the U.S. Addie Esposito is a staff writer and Senior Editor at the HIR. Other EU countries are now considering taking similar steps. In responding to refugee crises and surges in asylum applications, the EU has struggled to maintain unity and solidarity among member states. A charity that helps refugees has said there is a big variation in how the UK helps people from different countries. Attitudes also are affected by humanitarian concerns: When a refugee is perceived to have a valid claim or specific vulnerability for example, if he or she was a victim of torture support is generally higher. Eastern Europe is treating Ukrainians better than Syrians and Afghansbut giving people the means to resist is the only way to prevent future crises. Religious and other prejudices are often intertwined; the disparity between how the EU treats Ukrainian and non-Ukrainian refugees stems from Europeans empathy for Ukrainians and the othering of African and Middle Eastern refugees. A third study, a replication of the second study, included a sample of 23 male and 108 female students (average age of 33 years) and concluded that, aside from the prejudice threat, every threat type was associated with unfavorable attitudes toward migrants. In addition, they found that every threat typeeven altruistic threat (concerns about the host countrys ability to care for refugees)was linked with negative views of immigration and refugees. Asylum applicants in northern Europe receive welfare benefits including free education and health care while their applications are being processed, which presents a considerable cost to society. Famously declaring The fight is here. 5 Spiritual Practices That Increase Well-Being. D'AGATA: What I'd hoped to convey is that what's unique about the fighting underway here is that this country has not really seen the scale of war in recent years, unlike some LIMBONG: But it wasn't just CBS. While finding ways to address legitimate security and integration concerns, Europe could not only win skilled workers, but also hearts and minds of young people in the Middle East by accepting more asylum seekers from the region into their societies. The 2014-15 asylees from Syria and North Africa were mostly Muslim and faced higher degrees of discrimination than will the Ukrainians, who are largely of Christian heritage. That's why we want you to know that, when you visit our website, we use technologies like cookies to collect anonymized data so that we can better understand and serve our audience. This was shown in the behavior of newly certified French civil servants, who were more likely to reject Muslim applicants for refugee status; it was shown in the behavior of Swiss voters denying citizenship to Muslim applicants in direct democratic votes at higher rates than comparable Christians; and it was shown in the behavior of French citizens in experimental protocols fearing and discriminating against increasing numbers of Muslims in their midst more than Christians, even though both groups were from Senegal. Meanwhile, the Maslovas, a family from Ukraine, enjoy warm welcomes. MAHDIS KESHAVARZ: I always kind of think this imagery of, like, this pearl clutch of being just aghast that something can happen in your backyard, where things are happening in other people's backyards all the time. This treatment also extended to racialized permanent . Some refugee families say they aren't being treated the same as families fleeing from Ukraine. Chancellor Angela Merkel is facing her biggest political crisis to date over this issue, with over 40 percent of Germans calling for her resignation this year in response to her open-border policy. A refugee is someone who has been forced to flee his or her home because of war, violence or persecution, often without warning. In a strategic attempt to halt irregular migration while maintaining her principle of a generous domestic asylum policy, Merkel has facilitated an EU agreement with Turkey. Moving forward, these new policies and attitudes towards people seeking refuge should be the norm . 90 RB 0022). That's what makes it so shocking. Ibrahim. Syrians are careful to disassociate themselves from the refugee identity. are at risk of torture, or cruel or unusual punishment in their home countries. In fixating on distinguishing the two, politicians tend to miss the benefits that integrating both refugees and migrants into the labor market could have on the national economy. EuroNews Trevor Noah has slammed the double-standard between how African and Middle Eastern refugees are treated when fleeing to Europe in comparison to Ukrainians who are currently fleeing their country due to the Russian invasion. In this post, I discuss new research by Helen Landmann and colleagues in Germany, which has examined the reasons people use to justify anti-refugee hostility. A charity that helps refugees has said there is a big variation in how the UK helps people from different countries. As neighboring countries let in Ukrainian refugees, Africans living and studying in Ukraine say they're facing discrimination at border crossings. By welcoming Ukrainian refugees and imposing economic sanctions on Russia, the EU has demonstrated its support for Ukrainian sovereignty and opposition to Russian aggression without direct military intervention. But the Venezuelans are being labelled as 'migrants' and that is shaping the governance response and the degree of engagement by UNHCR and others. Refugees, for instance, pose an economic threat because they need jobs, low-cost housing, access to health care, etc. 2. D'AGATA: What I'd hoped to convey is that what's unique about the fighting underway here is that this country has not really seen the scale of war in recent years, unlike some LIMBONG: But it wasn't just CBS. Ukrainian refugees will not be as burdened by systemic failures in European migration policy as were the Syrians and North Africans in 2014-15. said. Kotada Al-Younes, a young Syrian journalist who has found exile in Sweden, told me that many Syrians in Sweden share this frustration with being confined and labelled as refugees: People want to keep their identity and their profession when they go abroad. HERIKA MARTINEZ/AFP/Getty Images. Not so today in the wake of Russia's invasion of Ukraine. They want to work and maintain their dignity, not just be refugees.. foreigners). Others avoid registering for asylum, not for practical reasons but out of a sense of dignity. But several EU countries have implemented labor restrictive measures to avoid this. Millions of Ukrainians are living in unimaginable terror; but thankfully the countrys refugees will face a more accommodating Europe than did those who sought similar protection a decade earlier. While this study indicates anti-Muslim bias among government officials, a similar 2016 study suggests that regular citizens exhibit similar tendencies. Here are some suggestions: To understand the real effects of migration on us and our country, we must rely on data (e.g., economic indicators and crime rates), not ideology. If there are too many refugees being housed in hotels, it's because the home office has been shown to be incapable of processing people quickly and letting them earn their own living. I thought about the tens of thousands of refugees fleeing Ukraine and the tens of thousands of refugees who have had to flee their homes in Central America, Mexico and other parts of Latin. Meanwhile, work gains do not mitigate the fear many European politicians and citizens express over the long-term cultural impact migration inflow will have on the region. This stark contrast epitomizes Europes unequitable treatment of different refugee populations, with Ukrainians topping the refugee hierarchy. More so, their action was a case study in poor strategic thinking. A further 133,000 have gone to Hungary, 72,000 to Slovakia, 51,260 to Romania, and nearly 98,000 . Stanford University. Shooting, detaining, torturing, and executing protestors, Assad forcefully crushed pro-democracy protests during the Arab Spring. Why? The Harbour Project charity said many Ukrainians received immediate refugee. Data from a project of Stanfords Immigration Policy Lab (IPL) has shown that the longer applicants wait for resolution of their case, the less likely they are to secure a steady job once approved in large part due to loss of motivation. Germany, for example, has suffered fromzero population growth for years and is in acute need of young, able-bodied workers to feed its massive industrial economy. The EU had to support Ukrainewhich included a commitment to aiding Ukrainian refugeesor risk international condemnation; in contrast, it is more politically risky for the EU to commit to one side of the Syrian civil war (a perceived choice between a tyrannical government or jihadists). Why are some refugees treated differently than others? Furthermore, semantics matter. Full coverage at CTVNews.ca/Ukraine. Notwithstanding, numerous other treaties - dealing with human rights, refugees, stateless people and the protection of political, civil and economic rights -indirectly afford protection for migrants; unfortunately, all too often, receiving countries flout these obligations. Furthermore, to many white and Christian Europeans, an influx of Middle Eastern and African Muslim refugees threatens power dynamics rooted in racial and religious hegemony, while incoming Ukrainians primarily strengthen them. What is threatening about refugees? Reportedly, some of the perpetrators behind the Paris attacks had exploited the asylum system to enter Europe, giving migration skeptics ample opportunity to call for border closures. In addition, they pose a health threat because some refugees come from. Why aren't all refugees treated like Ukrainian refugees? Assistant Professor Farzana Saleem on how to mitigate the toll racial stressors take on kids mental health. As political scientist Lamis Abdelaaty describes, Europeans see Ukrainians as White and Christian, similar to the way that many in European countries see themselves. Eastern Europeans are especially welcoming of Ukrainians, with whom they share a sense of fraternity; many people move around within Eastern Europe, so nationalities expand beyond each nations borders. The European Commission is considering reforms that ensure fair sharing of responsibility, including ending the Dublin Convention, but progress has been slow. So how can we reduce perceptions of different types of threats associated with refugees and immigrants? With the recent mass shooting in Germany, some people are again asking why anybody would hate refugees and aliens (i.e. The reports advocate for lifting labor restrictions and preventing discrimination against asylum seekers. PublishedFebruary 28, 2022 at 3:31 PM CST. In the past year, a record-high 65 million people have been displaced worldwide, including more than one million people who crossed borders into the European Union while thousands more died on the way. Reviewed by Ekua Hagan. (2019). "But instead, it really is night and day if we talk about the programs for Afghanistan's refugees.". Instead. NPR's Andrew Limbong has more. Why are some refugees treated differently than others? ANDREW LIMBONG, BYLINE: On Friday, CBS News senior foreign correspondent Charlie D'Agata framed the fighting in Kyiv like this. Once granted refugee status in a host country, the state cant deport them. The other hundreds, or perhaps thousands, of girls and young women who survived the journey are still in Kakuma Refugee Camp. The Venezuelan crisis parallels the Zimbabwean exodus of the early 2000s. Refugee agencies fear up to five million of Ukrainians could try to flee across the border as Russia's war intensifies and casualties mount. The EUs response to the refugee crisis also shapes its posture towards Russia and reignites Cold War concerns about Russian aggression, for Eastern Europeans acknowledge the potential for Putin to invade their nations as well. The Biden administration must immediately halt flights carrying asylum-seekers back to Mexico and Haiti and fully rescind Title 42 so that everyone seeking protection can petition for safety. NPR's Andrew Limbong has more. In The Telegraph, Daniel Hannan wrote an article about Ukraine that led, they seem so like us. 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